Vulnerability assessment of debris flow in the central Peruvian rainforest - An intercultural approach.

For several decades, calamitous debris flows have inflicted profound negative impact on Peruvian rainforest society, encompassing both economic losses and human casualties. To address this concern, this study proposes a methodological tool to assess vulnerability while focusing on intercultural nuances. The contextual analysis of the incident reports identifies La Merced (Junín, Perú) as a severely affected locality, thereby justifying its selection for a detailed case study on the Pampa del Carmen sector. The study conducted a thorough systematic review of parameters such as diglossia, poverty, and origin that are crucial for vulnerability assessment. Moreover, these parameters aided in developing a structured digital survey. The integration of survey data into the analytic hierarchy process revealed high levels of vulnerability in the sector, emphasizing the imminent need for targeted interventions. The intercultural approach is significant as it facilitates future risk mitigation strategies based on effective integration and genuine acknowledgment of social dynamics and individual freedoms within the region for devising impactful risk management policies and plans.

Asma en el adulto: características clínicas, comorbilidades y riesgo para apnea obstructiva de sueño / Asthma in adults: clinical characteristics, comorbidities and risk for obstructivesleep apnea

Introducción:Escasos reportes sobre asma existen en la literatura nacional. El objetivo delestudio es describir ciertas características clínicas, las comorbilidades y el riesgo para apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en este colectivo. Material y métodos:Mediante un estudio observacional tipo caso-control, se incluyeron pacientes portadores de asma de ambos sexos y un grupo control pareado por sexo y edad. Se consignaron datos demográficos, características de la enfermedad, datos relativos al control del asma y espirometría, comorbilidades y riesgo de apnea de sueño medido por el cuestionario STOP-BANG durante una entrevista estructurada. Resultados: Se incluyeron 132 individuos en el grupo caso y 132 en el grupo control. Entre los asmáticos, se consignaron 38,63% de formas no controladas y 9% severas. También se constató mayor frecuencia dehipertensión arterial, obesidad, rinitis alérgicay trastornos de la memoria. Riesgo mayor para AOS, aunque no significativo, se consignó en el grupo de casos. En el subgrupo de asmáticos con obesidad o en adultos mayores, la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa-Discusión:Aundisponiendo de medicamentos preventivos,la tasa de control de los asmáticos en esta muestra es llamativa y merece estudios sistemáticos. Es extremadamente importante tener en cuenta algunas comorbilidades para el manejo de este grupo de pacientes,incluyendo la estratificación de riesgo para AOS.Palabras clave:asma; comorbilidad; apnea obstructiva del sueño

Introduction.Few reports on asthma exist in the national literature. The objective of our study is to describe certain clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in this group. Material and methods.Through an observational case-control study, patients with asthma of both sexes and a control group matched by sex and age were included. Demographic data, disease characteristics, data related to asthma control and spirometry, comorbidities, and risk of sleep apnea measured by the STOP-BANG questionnaire were recorded during a structured interview. Results.132 individuals were included in the case group and 132 in the control group. Among the asthmatics, 38.63% of uncontrolled forms and 9% were severe. There was also a higher frequency of arterial hypertension, obesity, allergic rhinitis and memory disorders. Higher risk for OSA, although not significant, was recorded in the case group. In the subgroup of asthmatics with obesity or in older adults, the difference was relevant to the statistical analysis. Discussion.Even with preventive medications available, the control rate of asthmatics in this sample is striking and deserves systematic studies. It is extremely important to take into account some comorbidities for the management ofthis group of patients, including risk stratification for OSA.Key Words:asthma; comorbidity;obstructive sleep apnea

Socioemotional and Cognitive Skills: Its Relation to School Performance in Elementary School / Habilidades Socioemocionais e Cognitivas: Relações com o Desempenho Escolar no Ensino Fundamental / Habilidades Socioemocionales y Cognitivas: Relaciones con el Rendimiento Escolar en la Escuela Primaria

Abstract Several constructs shown as good predictors of school performance. However, previous studies have focused only on a part of these predictors, making it difficult to understand their interaction to predict school performance. This study verified the associations (correlations), predictions (linear regressions), and relationship dynamics (network analysis) of variables (intelligence, EI, personality, and executive functions) that predict school performance (Portuguese, mathematics, and general) in children and adolescents in the elementary education. In total, 133 students were submitted to instruments to assess the predictive abilities and performance measures included in this study. Regression analyses showed emotional intelligence and abstract reasoning as the main positive predictors of school performance, and the agreeableness/openness trait as a positive predictor of overall performance and mathematics. The results corroborated by centrality indicators estimated through network analyses. This study advances when considering several variables concurrently.

Resumo Diversos construtos têm se mostrado bons preditores do desempenho escolar. Entretanto, estudos anteriores têm se concentrado em apenas parte desses preditores, dificultando a compreensão de sua interação para predição do desempenho escolar. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar as associações (correlações), predições (regressões lineares) e dinâmicas das relações (análises de rede) de variáveis preditoras (inteligência, IE, personalidade e funções executivas) do desempenho escolar (português, matemática e geral) em crianças e adolescentes no ensino fundamental. Um total de 133 estudantes foram submetidos a instrumentos de avaliação das habilidades preditoras e das medidas de desempenho considerados neste estudo. Por meio de análises de regressão constatou-se a inteligência emocional e o raciocínio abstrato como os principais preditores positivos do desempenho escolar, e o traço de abertura/amabilidade como preditor positivo do desempenho geral e matemática. Resultados corroborados pelos indicadores de centralidade estimados por meio das análises de rede. Este estudo avança ao considerar diversas variáveis concomitantemente.

Resumen Se ha demostrado que varios constructos son buenos predictores del rendimiento escolar. Sin embargo, los estudios anteriores se han centrado solo en parte de estos predictores, lo que dificulta comprender su interacción para predecir el rendimiento escolar. Este estudio verificó las asociaciones (correlaciones), predicciones (regresiones lineales) y dinámicas de las relaciones (análisis de redes) de las variables predictoras (inteligencia fluida, inteligencia emocional, rasgos de personalidad y control inhibitorio) del rendimiento escolar (portugués, matemáticas y general) en niños y adolescentes en la escuela primaria. Un total de 133 alumnos fueron sometidos a instrumentos para evaluar las habilidades predictivas y las medidas de rendimiento consideradas en este estudio. Mediante el análisis de regresión se observó la inteligencia emocional y el razonamiento abstracto como los principales predictores positivos del rendimiento escolar, y el rasgo de apertura/amabilidad como un predictor positivo del rendimiento general y de matemáticas. Los resultados fueron corroborados por indicadores de centralidad estimados a través de análisis de redes. Este estudio avanza al considerar varias variables de manera concurrente.

Presence of the point mutations Val1016Gly in the voltage-gated sodium channel detected in a single mosquito from Panama.

BACKGROUND: In Panama, arboviroses such as dengue fever, and more recently chikungunya fever and Zika disease, are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Their control is based on the elimination of breeding sites and fogging with pyrethroid insecticides. However, one of the significant issues derived from the prolonged use of pyrethroid insecticide is the development of resistance mechanisms, such as knockdown resistance or kdr. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of kdr mutations in a partial region of the VGSC gene in samples of wild-caught Aedes mosquitoes from different locations of the Metropolitan Region of Panama. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of 194 sequences of the VGSC gene, two kdr mutations (Ile1011Met and Val1016Gly) were detected in a specimen of Ae. aegypti. The frequency of kdr mutations in the evaluated samples of Ae. aegypti was 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for a low frequency of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti populations in Panama. It is possible that these changes have no impact on vector control interventions. To our knowledge, we report, for the first time in America the Val1016Gly mutation documented in Asia. In general terms, this result is highly relevant to the Aedes Control Programme in Panama since it constitutes a feasible approach for the timely detection of resistance as well as for the development of strategies.

Especies Crípticas Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Phlebotominae) y sus Implicaciones en la Transmisión de Leishmaniasis en Panamá / Cryptic Species Lutzomy ia longipalpis (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and its Implications in the Transmission of Leishmaniasis in Panama

Lutzomyia longipalpis es el principal v ector de una importante enfermedad desatendida en América. La diversidad genética de este vector se estimó en la población colectada en dos áreas geográficas separadas por hasta 37 km. Analizamos la secuencia CB3­PDR / N1N­PDR de 22 individuos obte­ niendo un parámetro de: h = 0.43 y π = 0.0017 (Bona), h = 0.89, π = 0.004 (El Limón) con una dife­ renciación genética de kst = 0.03; p> 0.05 entre ellos. Ocho haplotipos fueron detectados, de los cuales fue compartido. Se detectó una diferenciación significativa entre las poblaciones Panamá­ Colombia (kst = 0.98), Panamá­Costa Rica (kst = 0.98) y Panamá­Brasil (kst = 0.72) bajo el modelo de aislamiento. Las inferencias genéticas de esta población pueden complementar la información de la capacidad de dispersión y brindar pistas importantes para comprender la ecología de Lutzom­yia longipalpisen Panamá.

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of an important neglected disease in America. The genetic div ers ity of this vector was estimated in the population collected in two geographical areas separated by up to 37 km. We analyzed the sequence CB3­PDR / N1N­PDR of 22 individuals obtaining a parameter of: h = 0.43 and π = 0.0017 (Bona), h = 0.89, π = 0.004 (The Lemon) with a genetic differentiation of kst = 0.03; p> 0.05 between them. Eight haplotypes were detected, of which it was shared. A significant differentiation was detected between the Panama­Colombia (ks t = 0.98), Panama­Costa Rica (kst = 0.98) and Panama­Brazil (kst = 0.72) populations under the isolation model. The genetic inferences of this population can complement the dispersion information and provide important clues to understand the ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Panama.

Comparative Study of Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of BNT-BKT-BT Ceramics near the Phase Transition Zone.

We report a comprehensive comparative study of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of BNT-BKT-BT ceramics through the MPB (morphotropic phase boundary) zone, from the rhombohedral to the tetragonal phases in the system (97.5-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 + x(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 + 2.5(BaTiO3), where x = 0 to 24.5 mol %. The structural transitions were studied by XRD patterns and Raman spectra. The MPB was confirmed between x = 10 and 12.5 mol % BKT. The dielectric/ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties of the BNT-BKT-BT system are maximized in the MPB region exhibiting a dielectric constant of 1506, a remanent polarization of 34.4 µC/cm², a coercive field = 36.9 kV/cm, and piezoelectric values of d33 = 109 pC/N, kt = 0.52, and kp = 0.24. Changes in microstructure as a function of BKT content are also presented and discussed.

Validación de guías de autoaprendizaje en simulación clínica para estudiantes de enfermería / Validação de guias de autoaprendizagem na simulação clínica para estudantes de enfermagem / Validation of self-learning guides in clinical simulation for nursing students

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las guías de autoaprendizaje constituyen una estrategia pedagógica que permite abordar e integrar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los enfermeros en formación. OBJETIVO: Validar las guías de autoaprendizaje del laboratorio de procedimientos y simulación del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS:: Se realizó validez facial y de contenido de 40 guías por comité de expertos con base en la guía de evaluación de material educativo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. RESULTADOS: La mitad de las guías requieren ajustes de estructura, presentación e imágenes. Según el juicio de los expertos el 50% de las guías obtuvo una puntuación del índice de validez de contenido (IVC) mayor de 0.6, lo cual indica que el proceso de elaboración de diseño y el contenido son pertinentes para el autoaprendizaje de los estudiantes de enfermería; 16 guías correspondieron a puntajes entre 0.64 y 0.8, es decir una validez buena con necesidad de ajustes de los aspectos evaluados y 4 guías obtuvieron IVC superior a 0.8, es decir muy buena validez . DISCUSIÓN: La evaluación de guías construidas y evaluadas es fundamental para la facilitación del aprendizaje y mejoramiento de habilidades y conocimientos clínicos, tanto para la práctica en escenarios, como para el futuro desempeño profesional. CONCLUSIONES: La validez facial y de contenido de material educativo para el uso actual de la simulación clínica, requiere de evaluación y de procesos metodológicos fundamentados en pedagogías motivadoras en un contexto de aprendizaje autónomo y cercano a la realidad.

INTRODUÇÃO: As guias de autoaprendizagem constituem uma estratégia pedagógica que permite abordar e integrar conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas dos enfermeiros em formação. OBJETIVO: Validar as guias de autoaprendizagem do laboratório de procedimentos e simulação do Programa de Enfermagem da Universidade Pedagógica e Tecnológica da Colômbia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizada validade de face e de conteúdo de 40 guias por um comitê de expertos, com base na guia de avaliação de material educativo da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. RESULTADOS: Metade das guias exigem ajustes de estrutura, apresentação e imagens. De acordo com o parecer dos expertos 50 % das guias obteve uma pontuação do índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) superior a 0,6, indicando que o processo de elaboração de design e conteúdo são relevantes para a autoaprendizagem dos estudantes de enfermagem; 16 guias corresponderam às pontuações entre 0,64 e 0,8, ou seja, uma validade boa com necessidade de ajustes dos aspectos avaliados e 4 guias obtiveram IVC acima de 0,8, isto é, a validade é muito boa . DISCUSSÃO: A avaliação das guias construídas e avaliadas é fundamental para facilitar a aprendizagem e melhorar as habilidades e conhecimentos clínicos, tanto para a prática em cenários quanto para o futuro desempenho profissional. CONCLUSÕES: A validade de face e conteúdo de material educativo para o uso atual da simulação clínica requer de avaliação e processos metodológicos fundamentados em pedagogias de motivação em um contexto de aprendizagem autônomo e próximo da realidade.

INTRODUCTION: Self-learning guides constitute a pedagogical strategy that permits addressing and integrating the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses in training. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to validate the self-learning guides from the procedures and simulation laboratory of the Nursing Program at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Face and content validity was conducted on 40 guides by the committee of experts based on the educational material evaluation guide by the Pan-American Health Organization. RESULTS: Half the guides require adjustments in structure, presentation, and images. According to expert judgment, 50% of the guides obtained a content validity index (CVI) score above 0.6, which indicates that the process of design and content elaboration is pertinent for self-learning by nursing students; 16 guides corresponded to scores between 0.64 and 0.8, that is, a good validity with the need to adjust the aspects evaluated and four guides obtained CVI scores above 0.8, that is, very good validity. DISCUSSION: Evaluation of the guides constructed and evaluated is fundamental to facilitate learning and improve clinical skills and knowledge, both for the practice in scenarios and for the future professional performance. CONCLUSIONS: Face and content validity of educational material for current use of clinical simulation requires evaluation and methodological processes based on motivating pedagogies within a context of autonomous learning that is also close to reality.

Validade discriminante entre regulação emocional e resiliência / Discriminant validity between emotional regulation and resilience / Validez discriminante entre regulación emocional y la resiliencia

Resiliência e regulação de emoções (RE) são construtos psicológicos cujas operacionalizações nunca foram investigadas quanto à independência mútua. Por isso, objetivou­se buscar evidências de validade discriminante entre medidas de resiliência e de RE. Para isso, foram aplicadas versões online do Inventário de Competências Emocionais (ICE­R) e da Escala de Resiliência para Adultos (RSA) em 169 participantes com média de idade de 29,8 anos, sendo 65,7% do sexo feminino. Resultados de análise fatorial exploratória revelaram que os fatores primários de resiliência e RE tendem a se agrupar em fatores distintos de segunda ordem. Ainda que a "percepção de si" tenha apresentado carga nos dois fatores de segunda ordem, tais resultados sugerem que as medidas são predominantemente independentes entre si.(AU)

Resilience and emotional regulation (ER) are psychological constructs whose operations have never been investigated in terms of mutual independence. Therefore, this study searched for evidence of discriminant validity between measures of resilience and ER. Thus, online versions of the Emotional Competence Inventory (ICE-R) and the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) were applied to 169 participants with mean age of 29.8 years, predominantly female (65.7%). The results of an exploratory factorial analysis revealed that primary factors of resilience and regulation of emotions tend to cluster in different second-order factors. Even if "self-perception" had cross-loaded in both second-order factors, these results suggest that the measures are predominantly independent of one another.(AU)

La resiliencia y la regulación emocional son constructos psicológicos cuya operacionalización nunca fue investigada por la independencia mutua. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de validad discriminante entre las medidas de resiliencia y regulación emocional. Para esto, se aplicaron versiones online del Inventario de Competencias Emocionales (ICE-R) y de la Escala de Resiliencia para Adultos (RSA) en 169 participantes con una edad media de 29,8, de los cuales un 65,7% eran mujeres. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio reveló que los factores primarios de resiliencia y regulación emocional tienden a agruparse en diferentes factores de segundo orden. Aunque la "percepción de sí mismo" ha presentado carga en los dos factores de segundo orden, estos resultados sugieren que las medidas son en gran parte independientes entre sí.(AU)

Distribution of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Hard Ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) from Panamanian Urban and Rural Environments (2007-2013).

Tick-borne rickettsiosis is an important emerging disease in Panama; to date, there have been 12 confirmed cases, including eight fatalities. To evaluate the distribution of rickettsiae in Panamanian ticks, we collected questing and on-host ticks in urban and rural towns in elevations varying between 0 and 2300 m. A total of 63 sites (13 urban and 50 rural towns) were used to develop models of spatial distributions. We found the following tick species: Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (present in 54 of 63 towns and cities), Amblyomma mixtum (45/63), Dermacentor nitens (40/63), A. ovale (37/63), Rhipicephalus microplus (33/63), A. oblongoguttatum (33/63), Ixodes affinis (3/63), and Ixodes boliviensis (2/63). Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. was present in urban and rural towns, and other species were present only in rural towns. DNA was extracted from 408 R. sanguineus s.l., 387 A. mixtum, 103 A. ovale, and 11 A. oblongoguttatum and later tested for rickettsiae genes using PCR. Rickettsia DNA was detected in ticks from 21 of 63 localities. Rickettsia rickettsii was detected in five A. mixtum (1.29%), and Candidatus "Rickettsia amblyommii" was found in 138 A. mixtum (35%), 14 R. sanguineus (3.4%), and one A. ovale (0.9%). These results suggest that much of rural Panama is suitable for the expansion of tick populations and could favor the appearance of new tick-borne rickettsiosis outbreaks.

Study of the onset of the acoustic streaming in parallel plate resonators with pulse ultrasound.

In a previous study, we introduced pulse mode ultrasound as a new method for reducing and controlling the acoustic streaming in parallel plate resonators (Hoyos and Castro, 2013). Here, by modifying other parameters such as the resonator geometry and the particle size, we have found a threshold for particle manipulation with ultrasonic standing waves in confined resonators without the influence of the acoustic streaming. We demonstrate that pulse mode ultrasound open the possibility of manipulating particles smaller than 1 µm size.

Relações familiares de adolescentes cumprindo medida socioeducativa restritiva de liberdade: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Family relationships of adolescents under socio-constrained freedom: a systematic narrative review / Relaciones familiares de los adolescentes em la internación socioeducativa: una revisión narrativa de la literatura

O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a relação entre o sistema familiar e a conduta infracional de jovens. Foram consultadas as bases de dados Scielo; Lilacs; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct e Web of Knowledge (ISI). Resultaram da busca 19 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A análise dos artigos mostrou que alguns fatores familiares comumente encontram-se associados à condição de infrações à lei e ao cumprimento de medida sócioeducativa de internação pelos adolescentes. São eles: os sócio-econômicos, a estrutura familiar, a violência intrafamiliar, as práticas educacionais e monitoramento parental, a fragilidade dos vínculos familiares, os familiares em conflito com a lei e os fatores biológicos. Assim, pode-se constatar que a família, ao não cumprir sua função de proteção, passa a ser considerada um fator de risco ao bem-estar de muitas crianças e adolescentes.

The purpose of this article was to realize a narrative review of the relation between the family system and the criminal conduct of adolescents. There were used the data bases: SciELO; LILACS; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct and Web of knowledge (ISI). The search resulted on 19 articles that complied the inclusion criteria. The articles' analysis showed that some family factors are commonly found associated with law infraction and fulfillment of social educative freedom restriction measures by the adolescents. They are: socioeconomics level, family structure, domestic violence; educational practices and parental control, the frailty of family bonds, family members in conflict with the law, and biologic factors. So, it could be stated that when the family doesn't fulfill its protective function, it starts to be seen as a risk factor to the well-being of many children and adolescents.

El propósito de este artículo es realizar una revisión narrativa de la relación entre el sistema familiar y el comportamiento de los jóvenes delito. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos SciELO; LILACS; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct y Web of Knowledge (ISI). La búsqueda resultó en 19 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis de los artículos mostraron que algunos factores familiares son comúnmente asociados con la condición de violaciónes de la ley y el cumplimiento de castigo socioeducativo de internación. Son estos factores: la estructura socioeconómica de la familia, la violencia doméstica, las prácticas educativas y de supervisión parental, la fragilidad de los lazos familiares, parientes en conflicto con la ley, y factores biológicos. Así, se puede ver que la familia a no cumplir su función protectora, es considera un factor de riesgo para el bienestar de los niños, niñas y adolescentes.

Relações familiares de adolescentes cumprindo medida socioeducativa restritiva de liberdade: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Family relationships of adolescents under socio-constrained freedom: a systematic narrative review / Relaciones familiares de los adolescentes em la internación socioeducativa: una revisión narrativa de la literatura

O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a relação entre o sistema familiar e a conduta infracional de jovens. Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO; LILACS; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct e Web of Knowledge (ISI). Resultaram da busca 19 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A análise dos artigos mostrou que alguns fatores familiares comumente encontram-se associados à condição de infrações à lei e ao cumprimento de medida sócioeducativa de internação pelos adolescentes. São eles: os sócio-econômicos, a estrutura familiar, a violência intrafamiliar, as práticas educacionais e monitoramento parental, a fragilidade dos vínculos familiares, os familiares em conflito com a lei e os fatores biológicos. Assim, pode-se constatar que a família, ao não cumprir sua função de proteção, passa a ser considerada um fator de risco ao bem-estar de muitas crianças e adolescentes.(AU)

The purpose of this article was to realize a narrative review of the relation between the family system and the criminal conduct of adolescents. There were used the data bases: SciELO; LILACS; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct and Web of knowledge (ISI). The search resulted on 19 articles that complied the inclusion criteria. The articles' analysis showed that some family factors are commonly found associated with law infraction and fulfillment of social educative freedom restriction measures by the adolescents. They are: socioeconomics level, family structure, domestic violence; educational practices and parental control, the frailty of family bonds, family members in conflict with the law, and biologic factors. So, it could be stated that when the family doesn't fulfill its protective function, it starts to be seen as a risk factor to the well-being of many children and adolescents.(AU)

El propósito de este artículo es realizar una revisión narrativa de la relación entre el sistema familiar y el comportamiento de los jóvenes delito. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos SciELO; LILACS; BVS; PePSIC; PsycNET; APA PsycNET; Science Direct y Web of Knowledge (ISI). La búsqueda resultó en 19 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis de los artículos mostraron que algunos factores familiares son comúnmente asociados con la condición de violaciónes de la ley y el cumplimiento de castigo socioeducativo de internación. Son estos factores: la estructura socioeconómica de la familia, la violencia doméstica, las prácticas educativas y de supervisión parental, la fragilidad de los lazos familiares, parientes en conflicto con la ley, y factores biológicos. Así, se puede ver que la familia a no cumplir su función protectora, es considera un factor de riesgo para el bienestar de los niños, niñas y adolescentes.(AU)

Experimental study on inter-particle acoustic forces.

A method for the experimental measurement of inter-particle forces (secondary Bjerknes force) generated by the action of an acoustic field in a resonator micro-channel is presented. The acoustic radiation force created by an ultrasonic standing wave moves suspended particles towards the pressure nodes and the acoustic pressure induces particle volume oscillations. Once particles are in the levitation plane, transverse and secondary Bjerknes forces become important. Experiments were carried out in a resonator filled with a suspension composed of water and latex particles of different size (5-15 µm) at different concentrations. Ultrasound was generated by means of a 2.5 MHz nominal frequency transducer. For the first time the acoustic force generated by oscillating particles acting on other particles has been measured, and the critical interaction distance in various cases has been determined. Inter-particle forces on the order of 10(-14) N have been measured by using this method.

Controlling the acoustic streaming by pulsed ultrasounds.

We propose a technique based on pulsed ultrasounds for controlling, reducing to a minimum observable value the acoustic streaming in closed ultrasonic standing wave fluidic resonators. By modifying the number of pulses and the repetition time it is possible to reduce the velocity of the acoustic streaming with respect to the velocity generated by the continuous ultrasound mode of operation. The acoustic streaming is observed at the nodal plane where a suspension of 800nm latex particles was focused by primary radiation force. A mixture of 800nm and 15µm latex particles has been also used for showing that the acoustic streaming is hardly reduced while primary and secondary forces continue to operate. The parameter we call "pulse mode factor" i.e. the time of applied ultrasound divided by the duty cycle, is found to be the adequate parameter that controls the acoustic streaming. We demonstrate that pulsed ultrasound is more efficient for controlling the acoustic streaming than the variation of the amplitude of the standing waves.

Current status of Amblyomma ovale (Acari: Ixodidae) in Panama.

The genus Amblyomma is the most diverse and relevant among the Neotropical ticks. In Panama, this genus contains 19 species, including Amblyomma ovale. There is a lack of knowledge of the ecology of A. ovale in Panama, and thus the aim of this work is to report on its geographical distribution and its spectrum of vertebrate hosts. We reviewed data of ticks collected in different areas of Panama from 2007 to 2012 and found parasitism of A. ovale in 625 vertebrates, corresponding to 21 species (2 species of birds and 19 mammal species). A. ovale is present in different environments of Panama, from lowlands to places with 800m altitude, including rural towns, disturbed forests, and wilderness areas.

Ticks (Ixodida) on humans from central Panama, Panama (2010-2011).

From January 2010 to December 2011, a total of 138 cases of ticks feeding on humans were reported from 11 locations in central Panama. Five of these locations were situated in forest environments, three in rural landscapes and three in urban areas. The ticks were submitted to the Gorgas Memorial Institute, where nine species were identified among 65 specimens: Amblyomma cajennense s.l., A. dissimile, A. naponense, A. oblongoguttatum, A. ovale, A. sabanerae, A. tapirellum, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. The remaining 73 specimens consisted of unidentified immature ticks, all belonging to the genus of Amblyomma. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. was the species most frequently associated with humans, particularly in urban environments. In rural landscapes, tick bites were most often caused by A. cajennense s.l., whereas A. tapirellum was the species most often found parasitizing humans in forest environments. These data provide information on the tick species most commonly associated with humans in forested environments, rural areas and cities around the Panama Canal.

Controlled cell aggregation in a pulsed acoustic field.

Cell aggregation in ultrasonic resonators can be obtained in a few seconds. Hundreds even thousands of cells can be levitated in suspension and generate 2D or 3D aggregates. Nevertheless, the aggregation rate and the 2D or 3D configurations of the resultant aggregates are very difficult to control. This work reports on a novel way of generating and controlling particle and cell aggregates using pulsed ultrasound. This technique specifically explores (in addition to the ultrasound wave, frequency and amplitude) the time of ultrasound application, i.e. the number of pulses as well as the pulse repetition frequency. We demonstrate that with pulsed ultrasound, particles and/or cells levitate in suspension, as with continuous ultrasound, and the aggregation rate can be modified in a controlled manner. By carefully tuning the number of pulses and the repetition frequency, the 3-D and 2-D configurations of the aggregates can be selectively generated. In addition, pulsed ultrasound limits transducer heating, thus allowing for higher acoustic energies than those currently employed with continuous ultrasound.